ZVISIMBO ZVINOKOSHA

Ferrous zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muinjiniya indasitiri nekuda kwekukwirira kwavo, huwandu hweanogadzira zvivakwa uye nemitengo yakaderera. Zvakadaro, izvo zvisina-feri zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakare mukushandisa kwakasiyana siyana kune avo chaiwo zvivakwa kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi alloys kunyangwe zvavo kazhinji anodhura mutengo. Zvinodikanwa zvemakanika zvivakwa zvinogona kuwanikwa mune aya maalloys nekushanda kuomesa, zera kuomesa, nezvimwe, asi kwete kuburikidza neyakajairika kupisa kurapwa maitiro anoshandiswa kune ferrous alloys. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvisina-feri zvinhu zvekufarira ndeye aluminium, mhangura, zinc, uye magnesium

1. Aluminium

Pazvinhu zvese zvisina tsimbi alloys, aruminiyamu uye maalloys ayo akakosha zvakanyanya nekuda kwenzvimbo dzawo dzakanaka. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvealuminium yakachena iyo iyo inoshandiswa muindasitiri yeinjiniya ndeiyi:

1) Yakanakisa kupisa kwetsika (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Yakanaka magetsi kuitisa (376 600 / ohm / cm)
3) Yakaderera mashoma mashoma (2.7 g / cm)
4) Kunyorera kwakadzika (658C)
5) Kwakanaka ngura kuramba
6) Hazvina chepfu.
7) Iyo ine imwe yeakanyanya kuratidzika (85 kusvika 95%) uye yakadzika kwazvo emissivity (4 kusvika 5%)
8) Iyo yakapfava kwazvo uye ductile semhedzisiro iyo ine yakanaka kwazvo yekugadzira zvivakwa.

Zvimwe zvekushandisa uko yakachena aluminium inowanzo shandiswa iri mumagetsi makondakita, ma radiator ekupedzisa zvinhu, mweya wekugadzirisa mayuniti, oparesheni uye mwenje unoratidzira, uye foil uye zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza. 

Zvisinei nezvakataurwa pamusoro apa zvinobatsira, pure aluminium haina kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwematambudziko anotevera:

1) Ine yakaderera tensile simba (65 MPa) uye kuomarara (20 BHN)
2. Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kusungira kana kusungira.

Iyo michina zvivakwa zvealuminium zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya nekukwirisa. Iwo makuru ekuchinjisa zvinhu anoshandiswa imhangura, manganese, silicon, nickel uye zinc.

Aluminium nemhangura zvinoumba kemikari kemikari CuAl2. Pamusoro pekupisa kwe5458 C inonyungudika zvachose mualuminium yemvura. Kana izvi zvadzimwa uye zvine hungwaru (akabata kwenguva yakareba pa100 - 150C), chiwanikwa chakaomarara chinowanikwa. Iyo CuAl2, iyo isina zera haina nguva yekutsvedza kubva kune yakasimba mhinduro yealuminium nemhangura uye nekudaro iri munzvimbo isina kugadzikana (yakanyanya-kuguta mukamuri tempera ture). Kuchembera kunoitisa zvakanaka kwazvo zvikamu zveCuAl2, izvo zvinokonzeresa kusimbisa kwesimbi. Maitiro aya anonzi mhinduro kuomesa.

Zvimwe zvinotsikisa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvinosvika pa7% magnesium, inosvika ku1.5% manganese, inosvika ku13% yesiliconi, inosvika ku2% nickel, inosvika ku5% zinc uye inosvika 1.5% iron. Kunze kweizvi, titanium, chromium uye columbium inogona zvakare kuwedzerwa muzvikamu zvidiki. Iko kuumbwa kwevamwe vanowanzoitwa aluminium alloys anoshandiswa mukusingaperi kuumbwa uye kufa kukanda kunopihwa muTafura 2. 10 nemaapplication avo. Iko michina zvivakwa zvinotarisirwa kubva kune izvi zvigadzirwa mushure meizvi zvakakandwa uchishandisa zvechigarire mafomu kana kumanikidza kufa kukanda kunoratidzwa mu Tafura 2.1

2. Mhangura

Zvakafanana nealuminium, yakachena mhangura inowanawo yakafara kunyorera nekuda kwayo inotevera zvivakwa

1) Iyo yemagetsi conduction yemhangura yakachena iri pamusoro (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) mune yayo yakachena fomu. Chero kusachena kudiki kunodzikisira kuitisa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, 0. 1% phosphorus inoderedza kuitisa ne40%.

2) Iyo ine yakanyanya kupisa kupisa conduction (0. 92 cal / cm / C)

3) Iyo inorema simbi (yakatarwa giravhiti 8.93)

4) Inogona kuve nyore kubatanidzwa pamwechete nekusimbisa

5) Inoshora ngura,

6) Ine ruvara runofadza.

Mhangura yakachena inoshandiswa mukugadzira waya yemagetsi, mabara emabhazi, tambo dzekufambisa, firiji mutopu nekupomba.

Iyo michina zvivakwa zvemhangura mune yayo yakachena mamiriro hazvina kunaka kwazvo. Iyo yakapfava uye haina kusimba. Inogona kuve yakamisikidzwa zvinobatsira kuvandudza michina zvivakwa. Iwo makuru ekuchinjisa zvinhu anoshandiswa zinc, tin, lead uye phosphorus.

Alloys emhangura uye zinc anonzi brass. Iine zinc yezvinhu zvinosvika 39%, mhangura inoumba chikamu chimwe chete (α-chikamu) chimiro. Alloys akadaro ane ductility yakakura. Ruvara rweiyo alloy inoramba yakatsvuka kusvika kune zinc yezvikamu makumi maviri muzana, asi kupfuura ipapo inova yero. Chikamu chechipiri chechimiro chinonzi β-chikamu chinoonekwa pakati pe39 kusvika 46% ye zinc. Iyo chaiyo iri yepakati-esimbi mukomboni CuZn inova inokonzeresa kune yakawedzera kuomarara. Simba rendarira rinowedzera kuwedzera kana zvidiki zvemanganisi uye nickel zvikawedzerwa.

Alloys emhangura netini anonzi bronzes. Iko kuomarara uye kusimba kwendarira kunowedzera nechikanda mune gaba zvemukati. Iyo ductility inoderedzwawo nekuwedzera kwetini muzana pamusoro pe 5. Kana aruminiyamu ichiwedzerwawo (4 kusvika 11%), iyo inoguma inonzi alloy inonzi aluminium bronze, iyo ine yakanyanya kukwirira ngura kuramba. Bronzes inodhura zvichienzaniswa nemabhurosi nekuda kwekuvapo kwetini inova simbi inodhura.

3. Zvimwe Zvisina-Ferrous Metals

Zingi

Zinc inonyanya kushandiswa muinjiniya nekuda kwekuderera kwayo kwekunyungudika (419.4 C) uye yakakwira ngura kuramba, iyo inowedzera nehutsanana hwe zinc. Iko kurwisa kwekuora kunokonzerwa nekuumbwa kweinodzivirira oxide yekumusoro pamusoro. Principal mafomu zingi vari galvanizing kudzivirira simbi kubva ngura, mu kudhinda indasitiri uye kuti kufa vachikanda.

Izvo zvakakanganisika zve zinc ndeyakasimba anisotropy inoratidzirwa pasi peyakaremara mamiriro, kushomeka kweyekudzikama kugadzikana pasi pekukwegura mamiriro, kuderedzwa kwesimba rekukanganisa pane yakaderera tembiricha uye mukana wekupindirana-granular ngura. Iyo haigone kushandiswa sevhisi pamusoro pe tembiricha ye 95C nekuti inokonzeresa kudzikira kwakasimba mukusimba kwesimba uye neukukutu.

Kushandiswa kwaro kwakapararira mukufa kwekukanda imhaka yekuti inoda kumanikidzwa kwakaderera, izvo zvinoguma nepamusoro kufa hupenyu uchienzaniswa nemamwe kufa kufa kukanda maalloys. Uyezve, ine machinability akanaka kwazvo. Kupedzisa kunowanikwa neinc diecasting kazhinji kunokwana kupa chero kumwe kugadziriswa, kunze kwekubviswa kwechiedza chiripo mundege yekuparadzanisa.

Magnesium

Nekuda kwehuremu hwavo hwakareruka uye simba rechimakanika, magnesium alloys anoshandiswa mukumhanya kwakanyanya. Kune kuomarara kwakafanana, magnesium alloys inoda chete 37. 2% yehuremu hweC25 simbi nekudaro inochengetedza uremu. Iwo maviri makuru ekuchinjisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa aruminiyamu uye zinc. Magnesium alloys inogona kuve jecha rakakandirwa, kusingaperi muforoma kukanda kana kufa kufa kukanda. Izvo zvivakwa zvejecha-cast magnesium alloy zvikamu zvinoenzaniswa neizvo zvechigarire muforoma chakakandirwa kana kufa-kukanda zvikamu. Iwo ekufa-ekurasa maalloys kazhinji anowirirana ane yakakwira mhangura zvemukati kuitira kuti zvibvumirwe kuti zviitwe kubva kune yechipiri simbi kudzikisa mutengo. Iwo anoshandiswa kugadzira mota mavhiri, crank makesi, nezvimwewo. Iyo yakakwira zvirimo, iyo inowedzera simba rechimakanika remagnesium-yakarukwa alloys senge dzakapetwa uye zvekugadzira zvinhu. Magnesium alloys inogona kusungirirwa nyore nyore neakawanda echinyakare machena maitiro. Chinhu chinobatsira kwazvo chemagnesium alloys ndiko kugona kwavo kukuru. Ivo vanongoda ingangoita gumi neshanu muzana emagetsi ekugadzirisa kana ichienzaniswa neyakaderera kabhoni simbi.