Radiographic Inspection of Castings

Radiographic Inspection of Castings

 

1. Nheyo yekutanga yeradiography

Mukati mekupinda mukati mekukanda, X-ray kana γ-ray inopindirana nezvinhu, uye kusimba kwayo kunoderedzwa nekutorwa uye kuparadzira. Mifananidzo ine madhigirii akasiyana ehutema inoenderana nemukati mechimiro uye kuremara kwezvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa pamifananidzo firimu. Mamiriro echikanganiso anotongwa kubva kuzvinhu zvakaita sechimiro, huwandu, ukuru, kutaridzika, kugoverwa uye kusviba kwemufananidzo, uye ipapo chikanganiso chinoiswa mumapoka uye kuverengerwa zvichienderana nehunhu, ukuru uye huwandu hwechirema. Nenzira iyi, tinogona kuziva mhando uye kuomarara kwehurema hwemukati hwekukanda.

 

2. Radiographic Sensitivity uye Image Quality

Radiographic sensitivity inoreva kugona kuwana zvirema zvidiki mukukanda. Nekuda kwesimba remasikirwo, nzvimbo, kutaridzika, huwandu, ukuru uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekukanganisa mukukanda, kukanganisa kwekuona kwekunzwa panguva yekutora mifananidzo kunotarirwa nemhando yemufananidzo wemifananidzo. Meta yemhando yemufananidzo (isingazivikanwe sepenetrometer) chiratidzo. Yakagadzirwa nechinhu chimwe chete neiyo attenuation coefficient yakafanana nekukanda. Mamita emhando yemifananidzo yakajairika iwaya-mhando yemhando yemamita emhando, gomba-mhando yemamita emhando yemifananidzo uye slot-mhando yemamita emhando yemifananidzo. Mutsara (gomba, groove) dhayamita yemamita emhando yemufananidzo inomiririrwa neiyo mufananidzo mhando index. Iyo yakakura iyo index kukosha, iyo yakanyanya kunaka yemufananidzo. Nenzira iyi, iyo radiographic chikanganiso chekuona sensitivity inogona kuratidzwa zvisina kunanga neiyo mufananidzo mhando index. Meta yemhando yemufananidzo chishandiso chekuyera kunaka kwepikicha, haimiriri saizi yechokwadi yekuremara mukati mekukanda kunogona kuonekwa.

 

3. Inowanzoshandiswa mitemo yenyika yose yekuongorora radiographic.

Iyo ASTM inotaura radiographic firimu ndiyo yazvino inozivikanwa pasi rese chiyero.

 

4. Zvimiro zveRadiographic Inspection

1) Mukana wakakurisa wekuongorora radiographic ndeyekuti intuitive uye iri nyore kutonga chimiro chehurema. Kukanganisa kwemukati mukukanda kunogona kuonekwa pafirimu chero bedzi vari mukati memufananidzo wekunzwa kwemifananidzo.

2) Radiographic inspection ine yakakwirira yekuona senitivity ye volumetric defects (yakadai se pores, shrinkage cavities, shrinkage porosity, jecha kubatanidzwa, uye slag kuiswa); ine kumwe kunzwisiswa kwekukanganisa kwakarongwa (sekutsemuka, kushaya fusion, nezvimwewo). Nekudaro, kana ukobvu hwekukandira hwakakura kupfuura 40mm, zvakaoma kuwana yakakura-nzvimbo shrinkage-yakafanana nekuremara muradiographic inspection, uye kunzwisiswa kwekuona kwe micro-cracks zvakare kwakadzikira.

3) Mifananidzo inogona kuchengetwa uye kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba kuti ionekwe gare gare uye kuongororazve.

4) Kuongororwa kweRadiographic kunoda midziyo yakakosha nemasaiti, mutengo wakakwira, uye kutenderera kwekutarisa kwakareba, izvo zvisina kukodzera kukurumidza uye batch kuongororwa kwecastings.

 

5 Defect Classification uye Giredhi

Iyo macroscopic mukati mehurema hwekukanda inowanikwa neradiographic inspection inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvishanu: porosity, jecha kuisirwa uye slag kuisirwa, shrinkage cavity uye shrinkage porosity, isina kuisirwa simbi yemukati uye isina kufukidzwa musimboti, kupisa kunopisa uye kutonhora kutsemuka.

1) Zvirema zvemudumbu. Stomata inoratidzika seyakaita denderedzwa kana kuti makwapa akasviba akatenderera, dzimwe nguva ane miswe, akagoverwa mumapoka kana mumwe. Kana yagovaniswa mumapoka, mifananidzo inowanzo pindirana uye ine zvimiro zvisina kuenderana. Mabhomba anowanzo kuoneka mukusimbisa kwekupedzisira kwekukanda, uko gasi rinounganidza uye risingakwanise kutiza. Kuumbwa kwetsono-yakaita pores ndeye reactive intrusion type, uye nzvimbo yepamusoro yekukanda yakarongedzwa mumitsara uye yakapararira yakagoverwa perpendicular kumusoro.

2) Kukanganisa kwekubatanidzwa kwejecha uye kuiswa kwe slag. Jecha uye slag inclusions inogoverwa mune isina kujairika dot kana mutsara chimiro. Kana vari mumutsara chimiro, vane humwe hupamhi uye vanogona kugoverwa zvisina tsarukano mukati mekukanda. Slag inclusion inowanzoitika yakapoteredza pasi pe shrinkage cavity, uye kuiswa kwejecha dzimwe nguva kunogoverwa pamusoro pekukanda.

3) Shrinkage cavities uye shrinkage porosity defects. Zvinoenderana neatatu-dimensional chimiro, iyo shrinkage mhango hurema hwekukanda inogona kukamurwa kuita tubular, dendritic uye yakakura-nzvimbo shrinkage cavities. Kukanganisika kwakadaro kunowanzo kugoverwa pasi pemukwidza uye pamagumo akaomeswa anopisa node. Shrinkage cavities inowanzoitika panguva imwechete se pores, slag inclusions uye shrinkage porosity.

4) Zvisizvo zvisina kukanganiswa. Mifananidzo yezvakaremara zvisina kuvharwa zvakafanana nekutsemuka, uye iyo yese mitsetse yakasviba, asi rumwe rutivi rwemitsetse chikamu chakatwasuka, chinongoitika panzvimbo iyo mukati chiller kana core support inorongwa.

5) Kukanganisa-kufanana nekuremara. Mukuongorora kweradiographic, kukanganisa-kufanana nekuremara kunoratidza mitsetse yakasviba pamufananidzo ine zvimiro zvisina kujairika, dzimwe dzakatwasuka, dzimwe dzakatwasuka, asi migumo yadzo yakapinza uye musoro hauna kutenderera. Kutsemuka-kunge hurema hunowanzo kuoneka panzvimbo inopisa yekukanda kana kusanganisa kwekuchinja kwakangoerekana kwaitika muchikamu.