Simbi inodzivirira kupisa inoreva simbi ine tembiricha yakakwira oxidation uye simba rekushisa. Yakakwira tembiricha oxidation kuramba chinhu chakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti workpiece inoshanda kwenguva yakareba pakupisa kwakanyanya. Munzvimbo ine oxidizing yakadai semhepo yekudziya kwepamusoro, okisijeni inopindirana nekemikari nepamusoro pesimbi kuti igadzire zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi oxide. Iyo oxide layer yakasununguka kwazvo, inorasikirwa nehunhu hwekutanga hwesimbi, uye iri nyore kudonha. Kuti uvandudze kukwirira-kupisa oxidation kuramba kwesimbi, alloying zvinhu zvinowedzerwa kune simbi kuti ichinje oxide chimiro. Anowanzo shandiswa alloying zvinhu chromium, nickel, chromium, nesilicon, aruminiyamu uye zvichingodaro. Iyo yakanyanya tembiricha oxidation kuramba kwesimbi inongoenderana nemakemikari anoumbwa.
Kusimba kwetembiricha yepamusoro kunoreva kugona kwesimbi kuchengetedza michina yemagetsi kwenguva yakareba pakupisa kwakanyanya. Pane maviri makuru mhedzisiro yesimbi pasi pe mechanical mutoro pakupisa kwepamusoro. Imwe iri kupfava, ndiko kuti, simba rinodzikira nekuwedzera tembiricha. Yechipiri inokambaira, ndiko kuti, pasi pechiito chekugara kunetseka, kuwanda kwepurasitiki deformation zvishoma nezvishoma inowedzera nenguva. Iyo yepurasitiki deformation yesimbi pakupisa kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa ne intragranular slip uye zviyo muganhu slip. Kuti uvandudze kusimba kwekushisa kwesimbi kwesimbi, nzira dzekubatanidza dzinowanzoshandiswa. Kureva kuti, alloying elements anowedzerwa kusimbi kuvandudza simba rekubatanidza pakati peatomu uye kugadzira chimiro chakanaka. Kuwedzera chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kusimbisa simbi matrix, kuwedzera tembiricha recrystallization, uye inogonawo kugadzira kusimbisa chikamu carbides kana intermetallic compounds, zvakadai seCr23C6, VC, TiC, nezvimwewo. yakagadzikana pakupisa kwepamusoro, usanyungudika, usaunganidza kukura, uye kuchengetedza kuoma kwavo. Nickel inowedzerwa zvakanyanya kuti uwaneaustenite. Maatomu ari mu austenite akarongwa zvakasimba kupfuura ferrite, simba rekubatana pakati peatomu rakasimba, uye kupararira kwemaatomu kwakanyanya kuoma. Nokudaro, simba rekushisa repamusoro re austenite riri nani. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kusimba kwepamusoro-kupisa kwesimbi inodzivirira kupisa haisi kungoenderana chete nemakemikari ekugadzirisa, asiwo ane chokuita ne microstructure.
High-alloy heat-resistantsimbi castingsanoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzviitiko apo tembiricha yekushanda inodarika 650 ℃. Masimbi anodzivirira kupisa zvinoreva simbi dzinoshanda pakupisa kwakanyanya. Iko kuvandudzwa kwesimbi inodzivirira kupisa inodzika simbi ine hukama zvakanyanya nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaindasitiri senge zviteshi zvemagetsi, boilers, turbines gasi, injini dzinopisa dzemukati, uye injini dzeaero. Nekuda kwekushisa kwakasiyana uye kushushikana kunoshandiswa nemichina nemidziyo yakasiyana, pamwe nenzvimbo dzakasiyana, mhando dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa dzakasiyana.
Yakaenzana Giredhi reStainless Simbi | |||||||||
| GROUPS | AISI | W-stoff | DIN | BS | SS | AFNOR | UNE / IHA | JIS | UNI |
| Martensitic uye Ferritic Stainless Simbi | 420 C | 1,4034 | X43Cr16 | ||||||
| 440 B/1 | 1,4112 | X90 Cr Mo V18 | |||||||
| - | 1.2083 | X42 Cr 13 | - | 2314 | Z 40 C 14 | F.5263 | SUS 420 J1 | - | |
| 403 | 1.4000 | X6Cr13 | 403 S 17 | 2301 | Z 6 C 13 | F.3110 | SUS 403 | X6Cr13 | |
| (410S) | 1.4001 | X7 Kr 14 | (403 S17) | 2301 | Z 8 C 13 | F.3110 | SUS 410 S | X6Cr13 | |
| 405 | 1.4002 | X6 CrAl 13 | 405 S 17 | - | Z 8 CA 12 | F.3111 | SUS 405 | X6 CrAl 13 | |
| 416 | 1.4005 | X12 CrS 13 | 416 S 21 | 2380 | Z 11 CF 13 | F.3411 | SUS 416 | X12CrS13 | |
| 410 | 1.4006 | X 10 Kr 13 | 410 S21 | 2302 | Z 10 C 14 | F.3401 | SUS 410 | X12Cr13 | |
| 430 | 1.4016 | X6 Kr 17 | 430 S 17 | 2320 | Z8 C 17 | F.3113 | SUS 430 | X8Cr17 | |
| 420 | 1.4021 | X20 Cr 13 | 420 S 37 | 2303 | Z 20 C 13 | F.3402 | SUS 420 J1 | X20Cr13 | |
| 420F | 1.4028 | X30 Cr 13 | 420 S 45 | (2304) | Z 30 C 13 | F.3403 | SUS 420 J2 | X30Cr13 | |
| (420) | 1.4031 | X39Cr13 | 420 S 45 | (2304) | Z 40 C 14 | F.3404 | (SUS 420 J1) | - | |
| 431 | 1.4057 | X20 CrNi 17 2 | 431 S 29 | 2321 | Z 15 CNi 16.02 | F.3427 | SUS 431 | X16CrNi16 | |
| 430F | 1.4104 | X12 CrMoS 17 | - | 2383 | Z 10 CF 17 | F.3117 | SUS 430 F | X10CrS17 | |
| 434 | 1.4113 | X6 CrMo 17 | 434 S 17 | 2325 | Z 8 CD 17.01 | - | SUS 434 | X8CrMo17 | |
| 430Ti | 1.4510 | X6 CrTi 17 | - | - | Z 4 CT 17 | - | SUS 430 LX | X6CrTi17 | |
| 409 | 1.4512 | X5 CrTi 12 | 409 S 17 | - | Z 6 CT 12 | - | SUH 409 | X6CrTi12 | |
| Austenitic Stainless Simbi | 304 | 1.4301 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 15 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 |
| 305 | 1.4303 | X5 CrNi 18 12 | 305 S 19 | - | Z 8 CN 18.12 | - | SUS 305 | X8CrNi19 10 | |
| 303 | 1.4305 | X12 CrNiS 18 8 | 303 S 21 | 2346 | Z 10 CNF 18.09 | F.3508 | SUS 303 | X10CrNiS 18 09 | |
| 304L | 1.4306 | X2 CrNiS 18 9 | 304 S 12 | 2352 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | F.3503 | SUS 304L | X2CrNi18 11 | |
| 301 | 1.4310 | X12 CrNi 17 7 | - | 2331 | Z 12 CN 17.07 | F.3517 | SUS 301 | X12CrNi17 07 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 31 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 31 | 2333 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304LN | 1.4311 | X2 CrNiN 18 10 | 304 S 62 | 2371 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | - | SUS 304 LN | - | |
| 316 | 1.4401 | X5 CrNiMo 18 10 | 316 S 16 | 2347 | Z 6 CND 17.11 | F.3543 | SUS 316 | X5CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316L | 1.4404 | - | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2348 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | SUS316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | ||
| 316LN | 1.4429 | X2 CrNiMoN 18 13 | - | 2375 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | SUS 316 LN | - | |
| 316L | 1.4435 | X2 CrNiMo 18 12 | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2353 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | SUS316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316 | 1.4436 | - | 316 S 33 | 2343 | Z 6 CND18-12-03 | - | - | X8CrNiMo 17 13 | |
| 317L | 1.4438 | X2 CrNiMo 18 16 | 317 S 12 | 2367 | Z 2 CND 19.15 | - | SUS 317 L | X2CrNiMo18 16 | |
| 329 | 1.4460 | X3 CrNiMoN 27 5 2 | - | 2324 | Z5 CND 27.05.Az | F.3309 | SUS 329 J1 | - | |
| 321 | 1.4541 | X10 CrNiTi 18 9 | 321 S 12 | 2337 | Z 6 CND 18.10 | F.3553 | SUS 321 | X6CrNiTi18 11 | |
| 347 | 1.4550 | X10 CrNiNb 18 9 | 347 S 17 | 2338 | Z 6 CNNb 18.10 | F.3552 | SUS 347 | X6CrNiNb18 11 | |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 | 320 S 17 | 2350 | Z 6 CNDT 17.12 | F.3535 | - | X6CrNiMoTi 17 12 | |
| 309 | 1.4828 | X15 CrNiSi 20 12 | 309 S 24 | - | Z 15 CNS 20.12 | - | SUH 309 | X16 CrNi 24 14 | |
| 330 | 1.4864 | X12 NiCrSi 36 16 | - | - | Z 12 NCS 35.16 | - | SUH 330 | - | |
| Duplex Stainless Simbi | S32750 | 1.4410 | X 2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 | - | 2328 | Z3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - |
| S31500 | 1.4417 | X 2 CrNiMoSi 19 5 | - | 2376 | Z2 CND 18.05.03 | - | - | - | |
| S31803 | 1.4462 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 | - | 2377 | Z 3 CND 22.05 (Az) | - | - | - | |
| S32760 | 1.4501 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | - | - | Z 3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - | |
| 630 | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCNb16-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| A564/630 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Miyero yesimbi inodzivirira kupisa inodzivirira munyika dzakasiyana
1) Chinese Standard
GB/T 8492-2002 "Technical Conditions for Heat-Resistant Steel Castings" inotsanangudza mamakisi uye tembiricha yemukamuri mamechanicha emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinodzivirira kupisa.
2) European Standard
TS EN 10295-2002 simbi inodzivirira kupisa inodzivirira kupisa inosanganisira austenitic inodzivirira kupisa simbi isina tsvina, ferritic inodzivirira kupisa isina stainless simbi uye austenitic-ferritic duplex inodzivirira kupisa isingasviki simbi, pamwe nickel-based alloys uye cobalt-based alloys.
3) Mitemo yeAmerica
Iyo kemikari yakagadzirwa yakatsanangurwa muANSI/ASTM 297-2008 "General Industrial Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel Heat-resistant Steel Castings" ndiyo hwaro hwekugamuchirwa, uye bvunzo dzekuita kwemakanika dzinoitwa chete kana mutengi akumbira nguva yekuraira. Mimwe mipimo yeAmerica inosanganisira simbi inodzivirira kupisa inosanganisira ASTM A447/A447M-2003 uye ASTM A560/560M-2005.
4) German Standard
MuDIN 17465 "Technical Conditions for Heat-Resistant Steel Castings", iyo kemikari inoumbwa, mechanical zvivakwa patembiricha yekamuri, uye yakakwirira-yekupisa michina zvimiro zveakasiyana-siyana anodzivirira kupisa simbi magiredhi anotsanangurwa zvakasiyana.
5) Japanese Standard
Iwo mamakisi muJISG5122-2003 "Heat-resistant Steel Castings" anonyanya kufanana neAmerican Standard ASTM.
6) Russian Standard
Kune 19 kupisa-resistant simbi magiredhi anotsanangurwa muGOST 977-1988, kusanganisira yepakati-chromium uye yakakwirira-chromium inodzivirira kupisa simbi.
Mhedzisiro yemakemikari ehupenyu hwehupenyu hwebasa resimbi inodzivirira kupisa
Kune akati wandei akasiyana emakemikari zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwesevhisi yesimbi inodzivirira kupisa. Iyi mhedzisiro inoratidzwa mukusimudzira kugadzikana kwechimiro, kudzivirira oxidation, kuumba uye kudzikamisa austenite, nekudzivirira ngura. Semuenzaniso, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, izvo zvinoteedzera zvinhu musimbi isingadziviriri kupisa, zvinogona zvakanyanya kunatsiridza iyo oxidation kuramba kwesimbi uye kuchinja thermoplasticity. Zvinhu zvekutanga zvesimbi isingadziviriri uye alloys anowanzo sarudza simbi uye alloys ane yakawedzera kunyungudika, yakakwira yekuzviparira activation simba kana yakaderera stacking simba. Masimbi akasiyana-siyana anodzivirira kupisa uye alloys epamusoro-soro ane zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa kunyungudutswa, nokuti kuvapo kwezvibatanidzwa kana zvimwe zvikanganiso zvesimbi musimbi zvinoderedza simba rekutsungirira rezvinhu.
Kupesvedzera kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro senge mhinduro yekurapa pahupenyu hwebasa resimbi inodzivirira kupisa
Kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, kushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekurapa kupisa kuchakanganisa chimiro uye saizi yezviyo, nekudaro kushandura dhigirii yekuomerwa kwekupisa kwekupisa. Mukuongorora kwekukandira kukundikana, pane zvakawanda zvinokonzeresa kukundikana, kunyanya kupisa kuneta kunotungamira mukutsemuka kutanga uye kukura. Saizvozvo, kune nhevedzano yezvikonzero zvinokanganisa kutangwa uye kupararira kwekutsemuka. Pakati pavo, iyo sulfuri yemukati yakakosha zvakanyanya nekuti mitswe inowanzoitika pamwe nemasarufa. Iyo sulfur yemukati inobatwa nemhando yezvigadzirwa uye kunyungudika kwavo. Pakukanda kunoshanda pasi pemhepo inodzivirira yehydrogen, kana hydrogen sulfide iri muhydrogen, iyo castings ichave yakasvibiswa. Chechipiri, kukwana kwemhinduro kurapwa kuchakanganisa kusimba uye kuoma kwekukanda.
